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Liulin, nestled within the rugged landscapes of Gansu Province, China, occupies a geographically significant position on the Loess Plateau. Located at approximately 34.5891° N, 103.5081° E, the city’s elevation of around 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) contributes to its cool, semi-arid climate and influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding terrain is dominated by undulating hills and expansive loess deposits, characteristic of the plateau, which are prone to wind erosion and dust generation – a key factor impacting air quality. Liulin sits on the edge of the Ordos Desert, further exacerbating dust events. The city’s urban character is relatively small, reflecting its population of just over 17,000, primarily engaged in agriculture and light industry. The urban–rural gradient is sharp, transitioning quickly from the limited built environment to extensive agricultural fields and grazing lands. While Liulin lacks proximity to major rivers or lakes, the Gobi Desert lies to the southwest, influencing regional weather systems and contributing to dry, dusty conditions. The city’s regional position places it within a zone experiencing increasing industrial activity related to resource extraction and processing, particularly coal mining, which, while not directly within Liulin, impacts downwind air quality. The plateau’s topography often traps pollutants, especially during periods of temperature inversion, hindering dispersion and leading to localized air quality challenges. The prevailing winds, often originating from the northwest, carry dust and pollutants across the plateau, affecting Liulin’s air quality alongside other settlements.

Liulin’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its semi-arid climate and regional meteorological influences. Spring (March-May) is typically the most challenging period, marked by frequent dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert. Strong winds, combined with dry soil conditions, generate significant particulate matter, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions are also common during this season, trapping pollutants near the ground. Summer (June-August) brings a brief respite as monsoon rains help to cleanse the atmosphere, although humidity can increase. However, sporadic thunderstorms can also lead to localized ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to drier conditions and increased wind speeds, leading to another period of elevated dust levels. The transition months of October and November are particularly susceptible to poor air quality. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cold temperatures and frequent fog, which, while reducing dust, can trap pollutants and create stagnant air conditions. The lack of strong winds during winter exacerbates this issue. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during spring and autumn, particularly on days with high wind speeds or visible dust. During the winter months, indoor air quality should be prioritized, with proper ventilation and air purification systems. Summer offers the most favorable conditions for outdoor activities, but awareness of potential ozone levels remains important.