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Mawu, a small city nestled within Gansu Province in Northwest China, occupies a geographically complex position. Located at coordinates 34.4310° N, 104.9187° E, the city sits on the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau, a vast expanse of wind-deposited silt that characterizes much of the region. This plateau terrain, while fertile for agriculture, is highly susceptible to soil erosion, contributing particulate matter to the air. Mawu’s elevation, approximately 1,800 meters (5,900 feet) above sea level, influences atmospheric circulation and can exacerbate pollution events through temperature inversions. The city is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, but lies within the Wei River basin, a crucial agricultural region. Surrounding Mawu are extensive wheat and corn fields, alongside smaller-scale industrial activity related to agricultural processing and local manufacturing. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, quickly transitioning to agricultural land and then to the undulating Loess Plateau. This proximity to both agricultural sources of dust and potential industrial emissions creates a unique air quality challenge. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Gobi Desert to the north and west, carry dust and pollutants into the region, impacting Mawu’s air quality.

Mawu experiences a pronounced continental climate, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. Spring (March-May) sees a surge in dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert, dramatically increasing particulate matter concentrations. These storms, coupled with increased agricultural activity as farmers prepare their fields, create a period of consistently poor air quality. Summers (June-August) bring some relief, with occasional rainfall helping to suppress dust, but higher temperatures can promote the formation of ground-level ozone. Autumn (September-November) is often considered the most pleasant time of year, with clear skies and moderate temperatures, but coal burning for heating begins to increase as temperatures drop, leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging period. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, resulting in prolonged periods of smog. The lack of wind further exacerbates the situation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during spring and winter. Months to favour for outdoor activity are generally July and August, though ozone levels should be monitored. Fog is common in winter, further reducing visibility and trapping pollutants.