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Yongqing, nestled within Gansu Province in northwestern China, occupies a geographically complex position along the Loess Plateau. Situated at coordinates 34.7522°N, 106.1312°E, the city’s elevation contributes to a cooler, drier climate than many eastern Chinese urban centres. The surrounding landscape is characterised by undulating loess hills, deeply eroded by centuries of water and wind action, and interspersed with agricultural land. Yongqing isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though the Wei River flows relatively nearby, influencing regional humidity. The city’s relatively small population of 55,595 suggests a predominantly rural character, though it functions as a regional service centre. Air quality is significantly impacted by this terrain; the loess soil is easily eroded, contributing to particulate matter, and the hilly topography can trap pollutants, hindering dispersion. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with agricultural activities – primarily dryland farming – dominating the surrounding areas. While not within a major industrial belt, regional industrial activity in larger Gansu cities and transport corridors contribute to background pollution levels. Dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert to the north and west are a recurring feature, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations, particularly during spring.

Yongqing’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) is often the most challenging period, coinciding with increased dust storm activity originating from the Gobi Desert. Strong winds lift vast quantities of sand and dust, dramatically increasing PM10 and PM2.5 levels. Summer (June-August) typically brings some improvement due to monsoon rains which help to wash pollutants from the atmosphere, though localised agricultural burning can temporarily degrade air quality. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to drier conditions and increased heating demand, leading to a rise in coal combustion for residential and industrial purposes, and consequently, higher concentrations of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. Winter (December-February) is characterised by consistently cold temperatures and continued reliance on coal for heating, resulting in prolonged periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during spring and winter. Months of July and August generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor pursuits, though monitoring local conditions remains crucial.