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Dongfeng, a county-level city in Guangdong Province, China, occupies a strategically important position within the Pearl River Delta, one of the world’s most dynamic economic zones. Located at coordinates 22.6904° N, 113.2460° E, the city’s terrain is largely characterized by gently rolling hills and plains, typical of the deltaic landscape. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 20-50 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Dongfeng is situated inland from the South China Sea, benefitting from some maritime influence but lacking the direct cleansing effect of strong coastal winds. Surrounding the city are extensive agricultural lands, particularly rice paddies and fruit orchards, alongside a growing concentration of manufacturing industries. This blend of agriculture and industry is a key factor in the region’s air quality profile. The urban-rural gradient is becoming increasingly blurred as Dongfeng experiences rapid urbanization, with expanding industrial zones and residential areas encroaching upon previously agricultural land. This expansion concentrates emissions sources and reduces the capacity of natural vegetation to absorb pollutants. The Pearl River Delta’s complex topography and frequent temperature inversions exacerbate pollution build-up, trapping emissions within the lower atmosphere. The city’s location within this heavily industrialized region means it is susceptible to regional transport of pollutants from neighbouring cities.

Dongfeng’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the subtropical monsoon climate. The summer months (June-August), characterized by high humidity and rainfall from the Mei-Yu front and subsequent summer monsoon, generally see improved air quality due to atmospheric cleansing by precipitation and increased wind speeds. However, high temperatures can also promote the formation of ozone, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) often experiences the poorest air quality. The weakening monsoon winds lead to stagnant air masses, and cooler temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning following the harvest season further contributes to particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is typically dry and relatively calm, with increased reliance on coal for heating in surrounding areas exacerbating particulate pollution. Fog is also common, reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases, but can be punctuated by periods of stagnant air. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Avoiding peak traffic hours and staying indoors on heavily polluted days is advisable year-round.