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Fengguangcun, nestled within Guangdong province, China, occupies a geographically strategic yet potentially vulnerable position. Located at 23.9062°N, 116.6984°E, the town benefits from a subtropical climate and lies within the Pearl River Delta, a region renowned for its economic dynamism and dense urbanisation. The terrain is relatively flat, typical of the deltaic plains, with an elevation generally below 50 meters, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. Fengguangcun is closely linked to the broader urban sprawl of nearby cities like Dongguan and Shenzhen, forming part of a continuous built-up area. This proximity to major industrial hubs is a key factor influencing its air quality. Surrounding the town are extensive agricultural lands, particularly rice paddies, alongside pockets of remaining natural vegetation. However, the dominant landscape feature is the increasing concentration of manufacturing and logistics facilities. The urban-rural gradient is rapidly diminishing, with agricultural areas being converted to industrial or residential use. This land-use change, coupled with the region’s high population density (37,337 residents), exacerbates pollution risks. The Pearl River provides a crucial waterway for transport, but also acts as a potential conduit for pollutants. The flat topography and frequent calm wind conditions can trap pollutants, leading to localised air quality issues.

Fengguangcun’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the subtropical monsoon climate. Spring (March-May) often sees increased humidity and occasional fog, trapping pollutants from lingering winter emissions and agricultural burning. While temperatures are moderate, stagnant air masses can lead to localised build-ups of particulate matter. Summer (June-August) brings the southwest monsoon, offering periods of improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. However, high temperatures and intense sunlight can promote the formation of ozone, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) is generally considered the most favourable season, with clear skies and moderate temperatures, though occasional incursions of dust from northern China can occur. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall, temperature inversions, and increased coal consumption for heating in surrounding areas contribute to elevated levels of pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of high pollution. November and December are typically the months with the poorest air quality, while July and August offer the best conditions for outdoor pursuits. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants often drift from industrial zones to the north and west.