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Jinju, nestled within Guangdong Province, China, occupies a geographically significant position in the Pearl River Delta, a region renowned for its rapid urbanization and industrial development. Located at approximately 22.7073° N, 111.8223° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills transitioning into a relatively flat alluvial plain towards the Pearl River. This plain, vital for agriculture, forms a distinct urban–rural gradient, with agricultural lands gradually giving way to Jinju’s built environment. The city’s proximity to the Pearl River itself, a major artery for trade and transportation, influences local climate patterns and contributes to humidity levels. Surrounding Jinju are broader landscapes of subtropical forests and karst formations, which, while visually striking, can also impact air circulation. The Pearl River Delta’s industrial belt, stretching from Guangzhou to Shenzhen, exerts a considerable influence on Jinju’s air quality, with pollutants transported via prevailing winds. The elevation of Jinju is relatively low, averaging around 30-50 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during temperature inversions. Agricultural activities in the surrounding areas, particularly rice cultivation, contribute to seasonal emissions of methane and ammonia, further complicating the air quality profile. The city’s location within a densely populated and economically dynamic region means it is inherently susceptible to the air quality challenges associated with rapid growth and industrial activity.

Jinju’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its subtropical monsoon climate. The wet season, spanning roughly from April to September, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can also result in stagnant air conditions, particularly in localized areas, trapping emissions from nearby industrial facilities. The dry season, from October to March, presents a more challenging scenario. Cooler temperatures during these months often lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air (and pollutants) near the ground. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in November and December, often resulting in periods of reduced visibility and elevated particulate matter. The northeast monsoon winds, prevalent during the winter months, can transport pollutants from the industrial heartlands of the Pearl River Delta, further degrading Jinju’s air quality. Fog, common during the colder months, exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants close to the ground. Spring (March-April) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases, but dust storms originating from northern China can occasionally impact air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of temperature inversion or fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although localized air quality issues can still arise.