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Nantang, nestled within Guangdong province in southern China, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pearl River Delta, a region renowned for its rapid urbanization and industrial development. Located at approximately 22.4986° N, 113.5310° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly low-lying, characterized by alluvial plains formed by the Pearl River and its tributaries. This flat landscape, while conducive to urban expansion, presents challenges for air quality dispersion, particularly during periods of stagnant weather. Nantang sits relatively close to the coastline, experiencing a maritime influence that can both moderate temperatures and, conversely, trap pollutants under certain atmospheric conditions. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land – rice paddies and vegetable farms – interspersed with burgeoning industrial zones and smaller towns, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient. To the west, gently rolling hills provide a slight barrier, but do not significantly impede the movement of air masses. The proximity to major industrial belts concentrated further north within the Pearl River Delta contributes to regional pollution transport, with Nantang often experiencing the effects of emissions from larger manufacturing centers. The city’s location within a densely populated and economically dynamic region means it is subject to considerable anthropogenic pressures, impacting its air quality and requiring careful environmental management strategies. The Pearl River itself, while providing a vital water source, can also contribute to humidity and fog formation, further influencing pollutant behaviour.

Nantang’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical monsoon climate. The wet season, spanning roughly from April to September, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter. However, periods of persistent fog, common during the late summer and early autumn, can trap pollutants close to the ground, creating localized episodes of poor air quality. The dry season, from October to March, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and a greater propensity for temperature inversions. These inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the surface, prevent vertical mixing and trap pollutants, often resulting in peak pollution levels. November and December frequently experience the worst conditions, coinciding with increased industrial activity and agricultural burning in surrounding areas. January and February can also be problematic, with cooler temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions. Spring (March-April) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of fog or temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance is still advised during foggy periods. The monsoon winds, while generally beneficial for dispersion, can occasionally carry pollutants from upwind industrial areas, impacting air quality even during the wetter months.