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Shantou occupies a strategic position on the southeastern coast of Guangdong province, China, where the Han River meets the South China Sea, creating a distinctive urban geography that profoundly influences its air quality. Situated at the eastern edge of the Pearl River Delta economic powerhouse, Shantou functions as a vital port city and manufacturing hub within the Chaoshan region, characterized by dense urbanization along its coastal plains and river deltas. The city's terrain transitions from flat, low-lying coastal areas—with an average elevation near sea level—to gently rolling hills inland, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Proximity to the South China Sea moderates temperatures but also introduces maritime influences that alternately disperse or concentrate airborne contaminants depending on wind patterns. Surrounding landscapes include agricultural zones to the north and west, where rice paddies and vegetable farms contribute biogenic emissions, while the urban core hosts industries such as textiles, electronics, and plastics manufacturing, generating typical urban pollution sources like vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions. The urban–rural gradient sees pollution levels diminish toward the less developed eastern peninsulas, but sea breezes can sometimes funnel pollutants back toward the city center. Shantou's location in a subtropical coastal basin means that while oceanic winds offer some cleansing effects, temperature inversions and humidity can exacerbate particulate matter accumulation, particularly when combined with emissions from its bustling port and adjacent industrial belts.

Shantou's air quality follows a distinct seasonal rhythm shaped by the East Asian monsoon system and local meteorological patterns, with pollution levels fluctuating notably throughout the year. In winter (December to February), cooler temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions often lead to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, resulting in higher concentrations of particulate matter; this period sees increased industrial and residential heating emissions, making it the least favorable season for outdoor activities, especially for sensitive groups like children and the elderly who should limit prolonged exposure. Spring (March to May) brings transitional weather with occasional rainfall that helps cleanse the air, though humidity and fog can sometimes elevate pollutant persistence, particularly in calm conditions. Summer (June to August) offers relief as the southwest monsoon drives stronger sea breezes from the South China Sea, dispersing pollutants effectively and creating the cleanest air of the year—ideal for outdoor pursuits, though high heat and humidity may pose other health risks. Autumn (September to November) sees a gradual return to stable conditions with reduced rainfall, leading to a slow buildup of pollutants as industrial activity peaks post-summer; sensitive individuals should monitor air quality reports during this time. Overall, the interplay of monsoon winds, temperature inversions, and urban emissions dictates that pollution troughs align with summer's vigorous ventilation, while peaks occur in winter's stagnant air, guiding residents to plan activities accordingly.