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Shentang, a small city nestled within Guangdong Province, China, occupies a geographically complex position influencing its air quality. Located at 22.2985°N, 113.4313°E, the city benefits from a subtropical climate but is also susceptible to regional pollution transport. Shentang’s terrain is characterised by undulating hills transitioning into the Pearl River Delta, a densely populated and industrialised region. The city itself sits at a relatively low elevation, increasing its vulnerability to temperature inversions which trap pollutants. Proximity to the Pearl River Estuary provides some degree of atmospheric dispersion, but also introduces humidity that can exacerbate secondary pollutant formation. Surrounding Shentang are extensive agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies, alongside burgeoning industrial zones concentrated further east towards the major port cities. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with rapid development encroaching upon agricultural areas. This land-use change contributes to dust and particulate matter. The Pearl River Delta’s extensive manufacturing base, including electronics, textiles, and plastics, generates significant emissions that can impact Shentang, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The city’s location within this dynamic economic zone presents both opportunities and challenges for maintaining clean air.

Shentang’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s subtropical monsoon climate. Spring (March-May) often sees increased pollution due to stagnant air following the winter months and agricultural burning practices preparing fields for planting. Humidity rises, fostering the formation of secondary pollutants like ozone. Summer (June-August) brings the southwest monsoon, offering periods of cleaner air as prevailing winds disperse pollutants offshore. However, high temperatures and intense sunlight contribute to ozone formation, particularly in the afternoons. Autumn (September-November) is generally considered the most favourable season, with cooler temperatures and clearer skies, though occasional incursions of dust from northern China can occur. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall, weaker winds, and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground. Industrial activity remains high, exacerbating the problem. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during winter and spring. Fog is common in winter, further concentrating particulate matter. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the east and northeast typically bring poorer air quality.