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Tantoucun, nestled within Guangdong Province, China (22.1888°N, 110.8710°E), is a relatively small town with a population of approximately 28,718. Its geography is characteristic of the Pearl River Delta – a low-lying, intensely urbanized and industrialized region. The terrain is largely flat, a consequence of alluvial deposition from the Pearl River system, with minimal elevation changes. This flatness contributes to limited natural air dispersion. Tantoucun is situated close to the Pearl River, which, while providing transport and resources, also concentrates pollutants due to increased shipping and industrial activity along its banks. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of intensive agriculture, particularly rice paddies, and sprawling industrial zones concentrated in nearby cities like Zhuhai and Shenzhen. The urban-rural gradient is steep; Tantoucun itself represents a transition zone, experiencing increasing urbanization pressures. This proximity to major manufacturing hubs and agricultural practices – including fertilizer use – significantly impacts local air quality. The Pearl River Delta’s dense population and economic activity create a persistent demand for energy, often met by coal-fired power plants, further exacerbating pollution levels. The region’s humid subtropical climate also plays a role, influencing pollutant behaviour and dispersion.

Tantoucun’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. Spring (March-May) often sees increased humidity and occasional fog, trapping pollutants and leading to poorer air quality, particularly from agricultural burning preparing fields for planting. Summer (June-August) brings the southwest monsoon, offering periods of cleaner air as prevailing winds disperse pollutants offshore. However, high temperatures and humidity can also promote the formation of ozone, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) is typically the most favourable season, with cooler, drier air and reduced industrial activity following the summer peak. However, this period can also experience stagnant air masses, leading to localized pollution build-up. Winter (December-February) is often the worst time for air quality. The northeast monsoon brings colder, drier air from the interior, and temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of high humidity. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak industrial output times are advisable throughout the year.