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Wentang, a small town nestled within Guangdong Province, China, occupies a geographically complex position influencing its air quality. Located at 23.9918°N, 112.2868°E, the town sits within the Pearl River Delta, a region characterised by a subtropical monsoon climate and a landscape transitioning from coastal plains to low-lying hills. The surrounding terrain is largely agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and fruit orchards, interspersed with pockets of light industry. Wentang’s proximity to the South China Sea introduces maritime influences, including humidity and occasional typhoons. However, it’s also situated within a broader industrial belt stretching along the Pearl River, a significant source of regional pollution. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Wentang itself maintains a relatively rural character, but is increasingly impacted by the expansion of larger, more industrialised cities nearby. This proximity means pollutants generated elsewhere can be readily transported into Wentang via prevailing wind patterns. The relatively flat topography offers limited natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating local air quality issues, particularly during periods of calm weather. The Pearl River Delta’s dense population and economic activity contribute to a consistently high level of atmospheric emissions, impacting Wentang’s baseline air quality.

Wentang’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. Spring (March-May) often sees increased humidity and occasional fog, trapping pollutants and leading to moderate air quality concerns. The transition to summer (June-August) brings the southwest monsoon, offering periods of cleaner air as winds disperse emissions, though high temperatures can promote ozone formation. However, summer typhoons can disrupt this, stirring up dust and impacting visibility. Autumn (September-November) is typically the most favourable period, with cooler, drier air and stable wind patterns promoting dispersion. This is the best time for outdoor activities. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging conditions. The northeast monsoon brings colder, drier air from the interior, often accompanied by temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during these winter months. Agricultural burning practices in surrounding areas can also contribute to localised pollution spikes in the autumn and winter. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak pollution periods is crucial for maintaining health.