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Zhanlicun, nestled within Guangdong province in southern China, occupies a geographically complex position impacting its air quality. Located at approximately 23.2881° N, 116.2594° E, the area sits on a gently sloping plain transitioning into the foothills of the northern slopes of the Lingnan Mountains. This terrain, while not dramatically elevated, creates localized microclimates and can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Zhanlicun’s proximity to Shenzhen, a major economic hub and industrial powerhouse, is a critical factor. The city exists within a significant urban–rural gradient, experiencing increasing urbanization and associated industrial activity. To the east lies the expansive South China Sea, offering some potential for coastal breezes to disperse pollutants, though this effect is often moderated by prevailing wind patterns and temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily rice paddies and fruit orchards – and rapidly expanding residential and industrial zones. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter through burning practices. Furthermore, the Pearl River Delta's dense industrial belt, stretching across Guangdong, contributes significantly to regional air pollution, with Zhanlicun inevitably experiencing some of its impacts. The relatively flat topography, combined with the surrounding industrial and agricultural zones, creates a setting where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Zhanlicun’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s subtropical monsoon climate. The wet season, spanning roughly from April to September, brings increased rainfall and humidity, generally leading to improved air quality compared to the drier months. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also mobilize pollutants from surrounding areas, temporarily worsening conditions. The dry season, from October to March, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and a greater propensity for temperature inversions. These inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, significantly impede vertical mixing and lead to pollutant accumulation. November and December often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of reduced rainfall, increased heating demand (though less prevalent than in northern China), and persistent temperature inversions. January and February can also be challenging, with fog frequently exacerbating the problem by trapping pollutants close to the ground. Spring (March-April) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of fog or temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although sudden downpours can still impact visibility and air quality. Avoiding strenuous outdoor exercise during periods of stagnant air is advisable for all residents.