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Puqiancun, nestled within the Lingshui Li Autonomous County of Hainan Province, China, occupies a geographically significant position on the island’s southeastern coast. Located at approximately 20.0289° N, 110.5769° E, the town’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping coastal plain transitioning into low hills inland. This topography influences local wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants. The proximity to the South China Sea provides a moderating influence on temperature, but also introduces the potential for marine aerosols and salt spray, which can impact air quality. Surrounding Puqiancun is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily focused on tropical fruits and vegetables, alongside pockets of rubber plantations – typical of Hainan’s agricultural landscape. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the broader Hainan Free Trade Port initiative has spurred economic development, potentially leading to increased transportation activity and localized industrial emissions. The urban–rural gradient around Puqiancun is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural areas blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. Elevation is generally low, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate temperature inversions under certain meteorological conditions. The coastal location means that prevailing winds often play a crucial role in either dispersing or concentrating pollutants, depending on their direction and strength. The surrounding landscape, dominated by tropical vegetation, contributes to natural air filtration, but also can be a source of pollen and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Hainan’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing Puqiancun’s air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often sees clearer skies and reduced rainfall, but also a heightened risk of stagnant air conditions. During these months, temperature inversions – where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground – are more frequent, hindering the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, can contribute to particulate matter (PM) concentrations during this period, particularly in the early months of the year. The wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and flushing out pollutants. Monsoon winds become more prevalent, effectively dispersing any accumulated emissions. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of ozone, formed through photochemical reactions involving sunlight and pollutants. Fog, particularly during the transitional months of spring and autumn, can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to temporary reductions in visibility and localized air quality degradation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly when agricultural burning is occurring. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding ozone levels remains important. The interplay of these seasonal factors creates a dynamic air quality profile for Puqiancun, requiring adaptive strategies for both residents and visitors.