Fuying, nestled within Hebei Province, China, occupies a geographically complex position significantly influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 41.0302° N, 117.7205° E, the city sits on a gently sloping plateau within the Yanshan Mountains foothills, an elevation averaging around 60 meters above sea level. This terrain, while not dramatically high, contributes to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of calm weather. Fuying’s surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural plains and increasingly, industrial zones, reflecting Hebei’s broader economic development. The city’s proximity to the Bohai Sea, roughly 150 kilometers to the east, introduces a maritime influence, occasionally bringing in cleaner air masses, but also facilitating the transport of pollutants from coastal industrial areas. The urban–rural gradient around Fuying is relatively sharp; agricultural lands, primarily used for wheat and corn cultivation, transition quickly into residential and industrial districts. The city’s regional position within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic zone places it within a densely populated and industrialized area, making it susceptible to transboundary pollution. Furthermore, the prevailing winds often originate from the northwest, carrying pollutants from the Gobi Desert and Mongolia, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The relatively flat surrounding plains limit dispersion, and the Yanshan foothills can act as a barrier, trapping pollutants within the local basin. This combination of factors creates a unique microclimate that significantly impacts Fuying’s air quality profile.

Fuying’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and regional pollution sources. Winter (November – February) consistently presents the most challenging period. Cold temperatures lead to increased heating demand, relying heavily on coal, a significant contributor to particulate matter. Furthermore, a frequent occurrence of temperature inversions traps pollutants close to the ground, preventing vertical dispersion. Dry conditions and minimal precipitation further compound the issue, as there is less natural cleansing of the atmosphere. Spring (March – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, though dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert remain a recurring threat, significantly impacting visibility and air quality. Summer (June – August) generally sees the best air quality due to monsoon rains which effectively wash pollutants from the atmosphere and stronger winds that facilitate dispersion. However, periods of high humidity can still lead to ozone formation. Autumn (September – October) marks a transitional period; while temperatures remain relatively mild, the return of stable atmospheric conditions and reduced rainfall can lead to a gradual decline in air quality, foreshadowing the challenges of winter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and spring, limiting outdoor activities on days with poor visibility or noticeable odors. Maintaining indoor air quality through filtration and ventilation is also crucial during these periods. The agricultural cycle, with burning of crop residue after harvest, can also contribute to localized pollution spikes in autumn.