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Haigangli, nestled within Hebei Province, China, occupies a geographically complex position significantly influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 39.95°N, 119.54°E, the city sits on a gently sloping plain within the North China Plain, a vast alluvial landscape formed by the Yellow River. Its elevation is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by extensive fields of wheat, corn, and other crops, interspersed with smaller villages and scattered industrial facilities. To the west, the Taihang Mountains rise dramatically, acting as a partial barrier to prevailing winds but also creating conditions conducive to temperature inversions, particularly during colder months. Haigangli’s proximity to the Bohai Sea, roughly 150 kilometers to the east, offers a potential pathway for marine air masses, though their influence is often moderated by the intervening land. The city’s urban footprint is small, reflecting its rural character, but it is situated within a broader industrial belt stretching across Hebei, impacting regional air quality. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land transitioning seamlessly into residential areas and light industrial zones. This combination of flat terrain, agricultural activity, and proximity to larger industrial centers creates a challenging environment for maintaining clean air, as pollutants can readily accumulate and persist.

Haigangli’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and regional pollution sources. Winter (November – February) consistently presents the most challenging period. Cold air masses, originating from Siberia, dominate, leading to frequent temperature inversions where a layer of warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground. Reduced sunlight hours and lower wind speeds further exacerbate the problem, hindering pollutant dispersion. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields in the autumn, contributes significantly to particulate matter during this time. Spring (March – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, though dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert can periodically impact air quality. Summer (June – August) is generally the most favorable season, with increased rainfall and stronger winds helping to flush out pollutants. However, periods of stagnant air can still occur. Autumn (September – October) sees a transitional period, with improving air quality initially, followed by a decline as temperatures drop and agricultural burning resumes. Fog, common during autumn and winter, traps pollutants, further degrading air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor exposure and monitoring local air quality reports. During periods of dust storm activity, wearing a high-quality mask is recommended.