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Xianghe, located in Hebei Province, China, occupies a strategically important position within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) economic region. Situated approximately 60 kilometers northeast of Beijing, its coordinates (39.7532, 116.9814) place it on a relatively flat alluvial plain, a legacy of the Yanshan Mountains to the north and the Hai River basin to the south. The terrain is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of wheat, corn, and vegetables, contributing to a distinct urban-rural gradient. Xianghe’s elevation averages around 30 meters above sea level, further exacerbating air quality challenges due to limited vertical dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a mix of cultivated land and small villages, gradually transitioning to more rugged terrain as one approaches the Yanshan foothills. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city benefits from proximity to the Miyun Reservoir, a crucial water source for Beijing, influencing regional hydrological patterns. Historically an agricultural hub, Xianghe has experienced rapid industrial development in recent decades, particularly in manufacturing and logistics, spurred by its location within the Jing-Jin-Ji region. This industrial expansion, coupled with the region's reliance on coal for heating and power generation, significantly impacts local air quality. The city’s position downwind of Beijing and other industrial centers in Hebei means it frequently experiences transboundary pollution, making its air quality highly susceptible to regional meteorological conditions and industrial emissions from neighboring areas. The relatively low elevation and flat topography limit natural ventilation, trapping pollutants and contributing to persistent air quality issues.

Xianghe’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by regional weather systems. Winter (November – February) consistently presents the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures lead to increased coal burning for heating in both residential and industrial sectors, dramatically elevating particulate matter concentrations. Frequent temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, further impede pollutant dispersion, resulting in prolonged periods of poor air quality. Spring (March – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and the monsoon season begins, introducing more frequent rainfall that helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert and Mongolia can significantly degrade air quality during this period. Summer (June – August) generally offers the best air quality, characterized by higher temperatures, increased rainfall, and stronger winds that facilitate pollutant dispersal. However, periods of stagnant air can still occur. Autumn (September – October) sees a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a return of cooler temperatures, leading to a gradual decline in air quality. Fog, common during autumn mornings, traps pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and spring, limiting outdoor activities on days with visibly reduced air quality. During the summer months, while generally better, those with sensitivities should still monitor conditions and avoid strenuous activity during periods of heat and humidity. Maintaining indoor air quality through filtration and ventilation is crucial throughout the year.