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Tongliao occupies a strategic position in eastern Inner Mongolia, China, situated at the convergence of the Greater Khingan Mountains to the northeast and the vast Horqin Grasslands to the southwest. The city lies at approximately 180 meters above sea level on the western edge of the Northeast China Plain, creating a transitional zone between mountainous terrain and flat agricultural expanses. This geography places Tongliao within China's northern industrial belt, with proximity to major coal-producing regions and heavy manufacturing centers in neighboring Liaoning and Jilin provinces. The city's urban core shows distinct radial development patterns, with industrial zones concentrated along transportation corridors while residential areas blend into surrounding agricultural lands. Tongliao's location away from major water bodies—the nearest significant river being the Xiliao River to the north—means it lacks the moderating influence of large aquatic systems on air pollution dispersion. The surrounding landscape features a mix of grasslands, croplands, and semi-arid areas, creating conditions where dust from agricultural activities and soil erosion can contribute to particulate pollution. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with pollution sources shifting from industrial emissions in the city center to agricultural burning and dust in outlying areas. This geographic positioning makes Tongliao susceptible to regional pollution transport, particularly from industrial clusters to the east, while local topography can create microclimates that trap pollutants.

Tongliao's air quality follows distinct seasonal patterns shaped by its continental monsoon climate. During winter (December-February), cold, stable atmospheric conditions frequently create temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the surface, exacerbated by increased coal burning for heating. This period typically sees the highest pollution concentrations, with January often being the most challenging month for air quality. Spring (March-May) brings stronger winds that help disperse pollutants, but these same winds can lift dust from the surrounding grasslands and agricultural fields, creating periodic spikes in particulate matter. The transition months of March and April may see improved overall air quality compared to winter, though dust storms can create temporary hazardous conditions. Summer (June-August) offers the cleanest air as monsoon rains wash pollutants from the atmosphere and increased vertical mixing prevents accumulation. July and August are generally the most favorable months for outdoor activities. Autumn (September-November) begins with relatively good air quality but deteriorates as temperatures drop and heating season commences, with October often marking the transition to winter pollution patterns. Sensitive groups—including those with respiratory conditions, children, and the elderly—should limit outdoor exertion during winter pollution episodes and spring dust events, while summer provides the safest window for extended outdoor activities. Monitoring local air quality forecasts is particularly important during seasonal transitions when conditions can change rapidly.