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Zhoujiajing, nestled within Jiangsu Province, China, occupies a geographically significant position in the Yangtze River Delta. Located at coordinates 31.1128° N, 121.0503° E, the city’s terrain is characteristic of the region – a relatively flat alluvial plain formed by centuries of sediment deposition from the Yangtze River. This low-lying landscape, with an elevation generally below 10 meters, contributes to limited natural air dispersion. Zhoujiajing is situated close to the Huangpu River, a major tributary of the Yangtze, which while providing transport links, can also trap pollutants during periods of stagnant air. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of intensive agriculture, particularly rice paddies, and increasingly, industrial development associated with the broader Shanghai metropolitan area. This proximity to major industrial belts, including those focused on chemical manufacturing and textiles, is a key driver of air quality concerns. The urban-rural gradient is rapidly diminishing as Zhoujiajing experiences significant economic growth and urban sprawl, leading to increased vehicle emissions and construction dust. The city’s location within a densely populated and economically dynamic region exacerbates the challenges of maintaining clean air, making it vulnerable to regional pollution transport.

Zhoujiajing experiences a humid subtropical climate, resulting in distinct wet and dry seasons that heavily influence air quality. Spring (March-May) often sees increased pollution due to dust storms originating from western China, combined with stagnant air and temperature inversions that trap pollutants. The wet season (June-August), brought by the East Asian monsoon, generally offers temporary relief as rainfall washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, high humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants like ozone. Autumn (September-November) is often considered the most pleasant time for air quality, with cooler temperatures and clearer skies, though agricultural burning practices can contribute to localised spikes in PM2.5. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period, characterised by cold, dry conditions, increased coal combustion for heating, and persistent temperature inversions that severely limit air dispersion. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and spring. Fog is common in winter, further exacerbating pollution. Avoiding outdoor exertion during peak pollution episodes, and utilising air purifiers indoors, are recommended health precautions.