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Liuhe, nestled within Jilin Province in northeastern China, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Changchun-Jilin metropolitan area. Located at approximately 42.2669° N, 125.7404° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills and plains, typical of the Manchurian Plain. Its elevation averages around 180 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions during colder months. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily maize and soybean cultivation – interspersed with patches of deciduous forest, a remnant of the region’s historical boreal forest cover. To the east, the Songhua River provides a crucial water source and influences local humidity levels. Liuhe’s proximity to the industrial belt centered around Changchun, a major manufacturing hub, is a key factor impacting its air quality. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural fields and smaller villages bordering the city limits. This close interaction between agricultural practices (including fertilizer use and seasonal burning) and industrial emissions creates a complex interplay of pollutants. The city’s location within a continental monsoon climate means it experiences distinct seasonal shifts in wind patterns, which significantly affect the dispersion of pollutants. The relatively flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of low wind speed, especially in the autumn and winter. The surrounding landscape, while providing some natural filtration, also contributes to particulate matter through agricultural activities.

Liuhe’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its continental monsoon climate. Winter (November – February) consistently presents the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures lead to frequent temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. Reduced sunlight hours also limit photochemical breakdown of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields in the autumn, exacerbates the problem, releasing significant amounts of particulate matter and other emissions. Spring (March – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert can occasionally impact air quality. Summer (June – August) generally sees the best air quality due to increased rainfall, which washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and stronger winds that facilitate dispersion. However, periods of stagnant weather can still lead to localized pollution episodes. Autumn (September – October) marks a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing agricultural burning contributing to a gradual decline in air quality. Fog, common during autumn mornings, further traps pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor activity on days with poor visibility or noticeable odors. During the summer months, while generally cleaner, it’s advisable to monitor local conditions and avoid strenuous outdoor activity during periods of high humidity or stagnant air.