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Haicheng occupies a strategic position in central Liaoning province, situated approximately 100 kilometers southwest of Shenyang and 150 kilometers north of Dalian on the Liaodong Peninsula. The city lies within the Liao River Plain, characterized by relatively flat terrain with an average elevation of just 20-40 meters above sea level, creating conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Haicheng's urban core is surrounded by a mix of agricultural land and smaller industrial settlements, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient where pollution sources blend with residential areas. The city's location places it within Northeast China's heavy industrial belt, historically centered around steel production and mining, though economic diversification has occurred in recent decades. Proximity to the Bohai Sea (approximately 80 kilometers south) provides some maritime influence, but this is moderated by the city's inland position. The surrounding landscape features low hills to the east and north, which can act as partial barriers to atmospheric dispersion, particularly during stable weather conditions. Haicheng's position within the broader Northeast China Plain means it experiences regional pollution transport from major urban centers like Shenyang and Anshan, especially during prevailing northwesterly winds in winter. The city's development pattern—with industrial zones often integrated rather than segregated from residential areas—creates localized exposure challenges. Water resources include the Haicheng River and several reservoirs, but these don't significantly moderate the urban climate. The flat topography combined with industrial legacy makes Haicheng particularly vulnerable to air quality issues when meteorological conditions stagnate.

Haicheng's air quality follows distinct seasonal patterns shaped by Northeast China's continental monsoon climate. Winter (December-February) brings the most challenging conditions, with frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the surface, compounded by increased coal burning for heating. January typically sees peak pollution levels when cold, stagnant air masses dominate, creating hazy conditions that can persist for days. Sensitive groups should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during these months and consider indoor air purifiers. Spring (March-May) begins with lingering winter pollution patterns, but improving dispersion occurs as temperatures rise and winds strengthen, particularly from the northwest. By late April, conditions generally improve, though dust storms from Mongolia can occasionally degrade air quality temporarily. Summer (June-August) offers the cleanest air, with southeasterly monsoon winds from the Bohai Sea bringing moisture and better atmospheric mixing. July and August see frequent rainfall that helps wash pollutants from the air, making this the optimal season for outdoor activities. Autumn (September-November) begins with relatively good conditions in September, but air quality gradually deteriorates through October and November as heating systems activate and atmospheric stability increases. The transition to winter patterns often brings persistent haze episodes in late November. Throughout the year, morning hours frequently experience higher pollution concentrations due to overnight inversions, while afternoon breezes provide some relief. Sensitive individuals should monitor daily forecasts and plan activities accordingly, with particular caution during winter mornings and periods of announced pollution alerts.