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Zequ, nestled in the northeastern expanse of Qinghai Province, China, occupies a unique geographic position on the eastern edge of the Qaidam Basin. Situated at coordinates 35.0376°N, 101.4606°E, the city’s elevation hovers around 2,200 meters (7,218 feet), contributing to a thin atmosphere and influencing pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by high-altitude grasslands and the foothills of the Qilian Mountains to the south, creating a basin-and-range topography. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, Zequ is influenced by seasonal meltwater from the mountains, feeding smaller rivers and streams. The urban-rural gradient is stark; Zequ represents a relatively small urban centre amidst a vast pastoral region. Historically, the area’s economy revolved around animal husbandry, but increasing mineral extraction, particularly potash and lithium, is driving industrial growth. This burgeoning industry, coupled with domestic heating during harsh winters, is a key factor impacting local air quality. The basin’s topography can trap pollutants, especially during periods of atmospheric stability. Dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert to the north and west also contribute to particulate matter concentrations, impacting visibility and respiratory health. The city’s relatively isolated location means pollution sources are often concentrated, exacerbating local impacts.

Zequ experiences a pronounced seasonal air quality pattern dictated by climate and human activity. Winters (November to February) are typically the most polluted period. Domestic coal burning for heating spikes during these months, coinciding with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Wind speeds are generally low, further hindering dispersion. Spring (March to May) sees a gradual improvement as heating demand decreases, but dust storms from the Gobi Desert become more frequent, elevating particulate matter levels. These storms, driven by strong westerly winds, can significantly reduce visibility and irritate respiratory systems. Summers (June to August) offer the cleanest air, benefiting from monsoon influences bringing occasional rainfall to wash away pollutants and stronger winds to disperse them. However, increased construction activity can locally elevate dust levels. Autumn (September to October) is a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and a return to increased coal consumption, leading to a gradual decline in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and spring. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak heating hours are advisable strategies for minimizing exposure.