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Heishuikeng, nestled within Shaanxi Province, China, occupies a geographically complex position at coordinates 37.7905°N, 110.5711°E. The city’s terrain is characterised by the loess plateau, a landscape sculpted by centuries of wind and water erosion, resulting in undulating hills and deep gullies. This topography significantly influences air quality, creating pockets of stagnant air where pollutants can accumulate. Situated at an elevation of approximately 1,200 meters, Heishuikeng experiences a continental monsoon climate with distinct seasonal variations. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, transitioning into agricultural zones focused on wheat and maize cultivation. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city lies within the Yellow River basin, indirectly influenced by its hydrological cycle. Heishuikeng isn’t a major industrial hub itself, but its proximity to larger industrial centres within Shaanxi, particularly those related to coal and energy production, contributes to regional background pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a concentrated population of 19,357 within the city limits, surrounded by sparsely populated agricultural land. This creates a localised pollution ‘bowl’ effect, exacerbated by the loess dust frequently mobilised by wind.

Heishuikeng’s air quality follows a pronounced seasonal cycle. Spring (March-May) sees a surge in pollution due to dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert, carried eastward by prevailing winds. Agricultural burning, preparing fields for planting, further degrades air quality during this period. Summers (June-August) generally offer some respite, with monsoon rains effectively washing away particulate matter, though humidity can trap lower-level pollutants. However, increased energy demand for cooling can elevate emissions from power plants regionally. Autumn (September-November) is often the most challenging period. Temperature inversions become frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground, and coal combustion for heating begins to increase. Winter (December-February) brings consistently cold temperatures and increased reliance on coal for residential and industrial heating, leading to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during spring and autumn, and consider using air purifiers indoors. Fog, common in winter, exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. Months of July and August, with monsoon influence, are generally more favourable for outdoor activities.