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Daiyue, nestled within Shanxi Province, China, occupies a geographically significant position in the heart of the North China Plain. Located at coordinates 39.5284° N, 112.8056° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by a relatively flat landscape, typical of the alluvial plains formed by the Fen River and its tributaries. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, with extensive wheat and maize cultivation, interspersed with pockets of industrial activity related to Shanxi’s coal mining and processing industries. Daiyue’s elevation is moderate, contributing to potential temperature inversions that trap pollutants. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, but benefits from irrigation from the Fen River system. Its proximity to larger industrial hubs like Taiyuan, the provincial capital, means it’s often downwind of emissions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; transitioning quickly from densely populated city centre to agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces seasonal burning of crop residue, a significant localised pollution source. The prevailing winds, often from the northwest during colder months, carry pollutants from regional industrial zones directly over Daiyue, exacerbating air quality concerns. The city’s small size means pollution events impact the entire population quickly.

Daiyue experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by climate and human activity. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert, coupled with agricultural burning, leading to elevated particulate matter. Summer (June-August) generally offers improved air quality due to monsoon rains which cleanse the atmosphere, though localised industrial emissions remain a concern. However, high temperatures can also promote ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is often the worst period. Reduced rainfall, increased heating demand, and continued agricultural practices combine with stagnant air masses, creating prolonged periods of poor air quality. Temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) brings the heaviest reliance on coal for heating, resulting in consistently high levels of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Spring dust storms also necessitate caution. Months to favour for outdoor activity are July and August, benefiting from monsoon rainfall, but even then, monitoring local conditions is crucial. Fog can also be prevalent in winter, further concentrating pollutants.