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Jinchang, nestled in the western heart of Shanxi Province, China, occupies a geographically complex position within the Loess Plateau. Located at approximately 38.4858° N, 112.9643° E, the city sits at an elevation of around 1,300 meters (4,265 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate and influencing atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by undulating hills and expansive plains characteristic of the Loess Plateau, a region known for its highly erodible, yellowish soil. While Jinchang isn't directly adjacent to major rivers, it benefits from proximity to smaller tributaries and groundwater resources, crucial for agriculture in the region. The city’s urban fabric is a blend of older, traditional neighbourhoods and newer industrial zones, reflecting its historical role as a mining and agricultural centre. Significant agricultural zones, primarily focused on wheat and corn cultivation, extend outwards from the city, contributing to seasonal dust emissions. To the east, Jinchang lies within the broader industrial belt of Shanxi, a region heavily reliant on coal mining and related industries. This proximity to industrial activity is a key factor in the city’s air quality challenges. The urban-rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural land and sparsely populated villages surrounding the city limits. Topographically, the plateau’s terrain can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind, exacerbating local air quality issues. The city’s location within a rain shadow area also limits precipitation, further impacting pollutant dispersal.

Jinchang’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winters (November – February) are typically the most challenging, characterized by frequent temperature inversions. Cold air settles in the valleys, trapping pollutants near the ground and creating stagnant air conditions. Reduced sunlight hours also limit photochemical breakdown of pollutants. Dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert and the Loess Plateau frequently impact Jinchang during these months, significantly degrading air quality. Spring (March – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, though dust events remain a concern. The transition period can be volatile, with sudden shifts in weather patterns. Summers (June – August) generally see the best air quality due to increased rainfall, higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing, and stronger winds that disperse pollutants. However, occasional periods of stagnant weather can still lead to localized pollution episodes. Autumn (September – October) marks a gradual decline in air quality as temperatures cool and the likelihood of temperature inversions increases. The drier conditions and reduced rainfall compared to summer contribute to this trend. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor activities on days with visible haze or dust. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. During the dust storm season, wearing masks and avoiding strenuous outdoor activity is crucial.