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Longquan, nestled within Shanxi Province, China, occupies a geographically complex position in the Loess Plateau region. Situated at coordinates 40.3703°N, 113.7483°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by undulating hills and valleys carved by centuries of water erosion into the soft loess deposits. This landscape, while visually striking, contributes to air quality challenges. Longquan’s elevation, averaging around 1,400 meters, influences atmospheric circulation and can trap pollutants during temperature inversions. The city isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, but is intersected by several smaller rivers and streams, which, while vital for local agriculture, can also act as conduits for pollutant dispersal. Surrounding Longquan are significant agricultural zones, primarily focused on wheat and corn production, alongside smaller-scale industrial activity related to coal processing and materials manufacturing, common throughout Shanxi. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly transitions into farmland and forested hillsides. This proximity to both agricultural and industrial sources, combined with the topographical features, creates a unique set of conditions impacting air quality in Longquan, making it susceptible to both local emissions and regional transport of pollutants.

Longquan experiences a distinct continental monsoon climate, heavily influencing its air quality patterns. Spring (March-May) often sees increased dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert, carried by prevailing westerly winds, significantly elevating particulate matter. This is compounded by agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields. Summers (June-August) bring the monsoon season, offering periods of cleaner air due to rainfall washing away pollutants, but also increased humidity which can foster secondary pollutant formation. Autumn (September-November) is typically the most challenging period. Reduced rainfall, stable atmospheric conditions, and increased coal combustion for heating lead to pollutant accumulation, particularly PM2.5 and sulfur dioxide. Temperature inversions are frequent during this time, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winters (December-February) are cold and dry, with continued reliance on coal for heating exacerbating pollution levels. Fog is common, further reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Spring dust storms also necessitate caution. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution periods and utilising air purifiers indoors are recommended.