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Shihe City, nestled within Shanxi Province, China, occupies a geographically complex position at coordinates 39.2527°N, 113.6757°E. The city’s terrain is characterised by the loess plateau, a landscape sculpted by centuries of wind and water erosion, resulting in undulating hills and relatively flat plains. Situated approximately 60km northeast of Datong, Shihe is deeply embedded within a region historically reliant on coal mining and heavy industry. This proximity to significant industrial belts is a primary driver of its air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with wheat and maize cultivation common in the lower-lying areas, interspersed with patches of sparse vegetation typical of the semi-arid climate. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from denser residential and industrial zones to open farmland. Elevation plays a crucial role; Shihe sits at around 1,200 meters above sea level, influencing atmospheric circulation and potentially exacerbating pollution events through temperature inversions. While no major bodies of water are immediately adjacent, the city is influenced by regional hydrological patterns and occasional dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert to the north and west, contributing particulate matter to the air. The loess soil itself is easily eroded, adding to the particulate load, particularly during drier periods.

Shihe’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and heating demands. Winter, from November to March, represents the most challenging period. Increased coal combustion for heating, coupled with frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, leads to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Weak winds and stable atmospheric conditions exacerbate the situation. Spring (April-May) sees a gradual improvement as heating needs diminish, but dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert can significantly impact particulate matter levels. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, benefiting from monsoon influences bringing occasional rainfall to cleanse the atmosphere and stronger winds to disperse pollutants. However, high temperatures can contribute to ozone formation. Autumn (September-October) is a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and potential for stagnant air, leading to a resurgence of pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and spring. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the north and west often carry dust and pollutants. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution times, even in summer, is advisable. The wettest months, typically July and August, offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor pursuits.