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Polonuevo, nestled in the department of Atlántico, Colombia, occupies a geographically significant position within the Magdalena River Valley. Located at approximately 10.78° N, 74.87° W and an elevation of roughly 35 meters (115 feet) above sea level, the city experiences a predominantly flat terrain characteristic of the coastal plains. Its proximity to the Magdalena River, Colombia’s longest river, influences local humidity and weather patterns, contributing to a warm, humid climate. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to banana and rice cultivation, interspersed with smaller settlements and patches of tropical forest. This agricultural intensity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces potential sources of air pollution through pesticide application and fertilizer runoff. Polonuevo sits within a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the more densely populated areas closer to Barranquilla to the agricultural expanses further inland. The city’s location within the broader industrial belt of Atlántico, though not directly adjacent to major industrial hubs, means it can be affected by regional pollution transport. Prevailing winds often carry pollutants from larger urban centers and industrial zones, impacting air quality. The relatively flat topography limits natural dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized concentrations, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The coastal influence also means the city is susceptible to sea breezes, which can temporarily improve air quality by flushing out pollutants, but also introduce salt aerosols.

Polonuevo’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, often sees a slight improvement in air quality due to reduced rainfall and lower humidity. However, this period can also experience periods of stagnant air, particularly during anticyclonic conditions, leading to the accumulation of pollutants from agricultural activities and regional sources. The lack of rainfall means fewer opportunities for particulate matter washout. Conversely, the wet season (May to November) brings frequent rainfall, which naturally cleanses the atmosphere by removing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. However, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. Fog, common during the transition months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized air quality concerns. Agricultural burning, a practice sometimes employed to clear land for planting, is most prevalent during the transition periods between wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting air quality with smoke and particulate matter. During these times, vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion and monitor for any adverse health effects. The intensity of the sun during the dry season can also increase ground-level ozone formation, a respiratory irritant. While the Magdalena River’s presence moderates temperatures, periods of intense heat can still contribute to ozone build-up. Overall, minimizing exposure during agricultural burning periods and periods of stagnant air is crucial for maintaining respiratory health.