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Villa de Leyva, nestled in the Boyacá department of Colombia, occupies a remarkably unique geographic position. Situated at an elevation of approximately 2,115 meters (6,940 feet) within the Andean foothills, the town’s topography is dominated by a vast, flat-bottomed valley – a remnant of an ancient glacial lake. This expansive plaza, one of the largest in South America, defines the urban character, creating a striking contrast with the surrounding steep, forested slopes of the Andes. The valley’s location shields it from prevailing winds, a factor significantly influencing local air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to potato and vegetable cultivation, interspersed with patches of cloud forest. While there are no major rivers directly flowing through Villa de Leyva, several streams and quebradas (mountain streams) originate in the surrounding hills, contributing to the region’s water resources. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town transitions quickly from its historic, cobblestone core to agricultural fields and then to increasingly dense forest cover. Industrial activity is minimal, with the local economy largely reliant on tourism and agriculture. The valley’s enclosed nature, combined with the surrounding mountains, can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter from farming practices, while the forested slopes contribute to natural background levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The unique geological history and topographic features of Villa de Leyva create a microclimate that profoundly shapes its air quality profile.

Villa de Leyva experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning December to March, often brings the most stable atmospheric conditions, but also the greatest air quality challenges. During these months, reduced rainfall and increased solar radiation can lead to a build-up of particulate matter, particularly from agricultural burning practices in the surrounding valleys. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the issue. The wet season, from April to November, generally sees improved air quality due to frequent rainfall that washes away pollutants and increased wind speeds that disperse them. However, periods of heavy fog, particularly in the mornings, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap moisture-borne particles. November and December often experience a transition period with increased agricultural activity preparing for the dry season, which can lead to elevated particulate levels. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, typically in the mornings. While the wet season generally offers respite, periods of intense fog can still pose a risk. Maintaining awareness of local conditions and avoiding prolonged exposure to smoky environments is crucial for protecting respiratory health throughout the year. The interplay of rainfall, temperature, and agricultural practices dictates the annual air quality cycle in Villa de Leyva.