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Maní, nestled in the Casanare Department of Colombia, occupies a geographically significant position within the Llanos Orientales, a vast tropical grassland plain. Located at approximately 4.8167° N, 72.2833° W and an elevation of roughly 350 meters (1150 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Llanos. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive savannas, interspersed with gallery forests along the numerous rivers and streams that crisscross the region, including the Ariporo River, a vital water source for Maní. This flat topography, while facilitating urban development, also contributes to air quality challenges. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; Maní blends seamlessly into the agricultural landscape, with cattle ranching and crop cultivation (primarily rice, corn, and beans) being the dominant land uses. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Maní, however, agricultural activities, particularly burning for land clearing and the use of machinery, contribute to localized pollution. The region's climate is hot and humid, typical of the tropical savanna biome. The lack of significant topographic barriers means that pollutants released into the atmosphere can disperse relatively slowly, especially during periods of low wind. The proximity to the expansive Llanos ecosystem means that dust storms, a common occurrence during the drier months, can significantly impact air quality, carrying particulate matter over considerable distances. The flat, open nature of the landscape also means that any regional pollution events, originating from further afield, can readily impact Maní’s air quality.

Maní’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its tropical climate, experiencing a pronounced wet and dry season. The dry season, typically spanning from December to April, presents the greatest air quality concerns. Reduced rainfall leads to drier vegetation and soil, increasing the risk of wildfires, often intentionally set for agricultural purposes. These fires release significant quantities of particulate matter and other pollutants, impacting local air quality. Furthermore, the dry season is often characterized by lower wind speeds, which can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air, are also more frequent during this period, further hindering vertical mixing and pollutant dispersal. The wet season, from May to November, brings increased rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away particulate matter. Higher humidity also reduces dust generation. However, heavy rainfall can occasionally lead to flooding, which can release pollutants from inundated areas. During the transition months (April/May and November/December), air quality can be variable, influenced by shifting wind patterns and the gradual change in precipitation. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak fire periods and avoiding areas with visible smoke. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also advisable.