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Bosconia, nestled within the Cesar Department of Colombia, occupies a geographically significant position in the northern Andean foothills. Located at approximately 9.9761° latitude and -73.8903° longitude, the city’s elevation of around 600 meters above sea level influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a transition zone between the Andean highlands and the expansive Llanos Orientales, a vast tropical grassland plain. This creates a complex interplay of terrain features. To the west, the gently sloping hills of the Andes provide a degree of shelter, while to the east, the open plains allow for greater atmospheric mixing. The Rio Cesar, a vital waterway, flows nearby, contributing to regional humidity and potentially influencing local weather patterns. Bosconia’s proximity to agricultural zones, particularly those dedicated to banana and palm oil cultivation, introduces potential sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter from agricultural practices. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a commercial and administrative hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. Industrial activity is limited, primarily focused on processing agricultural products, but the transportation of goods along regional roads contributes to localized emissions. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the Andes, generally flow from the west to the east, potentially carrying pollutants across the city and into the Llanos. The topography, combined with this wind pattern, can create localized areas of stagnant air, particularly during periods of low wind speed, exacerbating air quality challenges.

Bosconia’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from December to March, often sees a reduction in rainfall, leading to lower atmospheric moisture. This can result in increased concentrations of particulate matter, as dust and resuspended soil particles remain suspended in the air for longer periods. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, further degrading air quality. Conversely, the wet season, from April to November, brings frequent rainfall, which naturally cleanses the atmosphere by washing away pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and runoff, carrying particulate matter into the air. The Llanos’ characteristic fog, particularly prevalent during the transition months (March/April and October/November), can trap pollutants, creating localized episodes of poor air quality. During the dry season, outdoor activities are best enjoyed during the morning hours when winds are generally stronger. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution and limit prolonged exposure to outdoor air, especially during periods of stagnant air. The wet season generally offers improved air quality, but vigilance is still advised during periods of heavy rainfall and subsequent runoff. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding Llanos, can significantly impact air quality during the transition periods, creating localized plumes of smoke and particulate matter. Awareness of regional agricultural practices is crucial for anticipating potential air quality events.