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Cota, nestled in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, occupies a strategically important position within the Bogotá metropolitan area, approximately 20 kilometers northeast of the capital. Its coordinates (4.8167, -74.1000) place it within the Andean foothills, characterized by a rolling terrain and significant elevation changes. The city sits at an altitude of roughly 2,640 meters (8,660 feet) above sea level, contributing to cooler temperatures and a unique atmospheric profile. Cota’s landscape is a blend of urban development and remnants of its agricultural past, transitioning from residential areas to scattered farms and pastures as one moves outwards. The surrounding landscape is dominated by steep slopes and forested hills, typical of the Eastern Cordillera. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, Cota draws water from nearby tributaries of the Bogotá River, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural zones supporting small-scale farming, primarily focused on fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Industrial activity is limited compared to Bogotá, but the proximity to the capital means Cota experiences some spillover effects, including vehicular traffic and occasional industrial emissions. The valley setting, combined with the surrounding mountains, can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. This geographic configuration significantly impacts air quality, making it susceptible to localized pollution events and requiring careful monitoring of atmospheric conditions.

Cota’s tropical highland climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern influencing air quality. The year is broadly divided into wet and dry seasons, rather than the four traditional seasons. During the dry season (typically December to February and July to August), lower rainfall and increased solar radiation lead to higher temperatures and reduced atmospheric moisture. This often results in stable atmospheric conditions, promoting temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground. Consequently, particulate matter and other emissions tend to accumulate, potentially impacting air quality. The wet season (March to May and September to November) brings frequent rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and runoff, carrying dust and particulate matter into the air. Fog, common during the cooler months, can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly during periods of rainfall. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, especially when temperature inversions are predicted. Agricultural burning, a common practice in surrounding rural areas, can also contribute to air pollution episodes, particularly during the transition periods between seasons. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as calm conditions often coincide with the worst air quality events.