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Guamal, nestled within the Meta department of Colombia, occupies a geographically significant position within the Amazon–Orinoco transition zone. Located at approximately 3.88° latitude and -73.76° longitude, the town’s coordinates place it within a relatively flat, alluvial plain characteristic of the Llanos Orientales. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive grasslands, savannas, and gallery forests lining the numerous rivers and streams that crisscross the region, including the Guamal River itself, after which the town is named. Elevation is low, averaging around 200-300 meters above sea level, contributing to a stable atmospheric layer that can, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. Guamal’s proximity to the Meta River and other waterways influences local humidity and temperature, impacting atmospheric stability. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; the town blends seamlessly into the surrounding agricultural landscape, with cattle ranching and crop cultivation (primarily rice and corn) being the dominant land uses. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the agricultural activities, particularly the burning of vegetation for land clearing and the use of fertilizers, contribute to localized air pollution. The region's position, bridging the Amazon and Orinoco basins, means it experiences unique weather patterns and is susceptible to transboundary pollution events originating from larger industrial areas further afield. The flat terrain limits natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating the impact of local emissions.

Guamal’s tropical savanna climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from December to April, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased temperatures. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning practices – a common method for clearing land and managing pastures. The drier air and reduced precipitation limit the natural cleansing effect of rain, allowing pollutants to linger. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent during the dry season, further concentrating pollutants. Conversely, the wet season (May to November) brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally washes away particulate matter and helps to dilute gaseous pollutants. Stronger winds associated with the wet season also aid in dispersing pollutants. Fog, though less common than in temperate climates, can occasionally form during cooler nights, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The months of March and April, coinciding with peak burning activity, are generally periods to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, particularly for children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions. During the wet season, air quality is typically improved, making it a more favourable time for outdoor pursuits. Maintaining awareness of regional fire alerts and adhering to local health advisories is crucial throughout the year, as agricultural practices remain a significant factor in air quality fluctuations.