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Mistrató, nestled in the Risaralda department of Colombia, occupies a geographically complex and strategically important position within the Andean foothills. Located at approximately 5.3000° N, 75.8833° W and an elevation of around 1,730 meters (5,676 feet) above sea level, the town benefits from a moderate climate typical of the Colombian Coffee Region. The surrounding landscape is dominated by steep slopes, verdant hills, and the Río Quindío, which carves its way through the valley, providing a vital water source and influencing local microclimates. Mistrató’s urban character is that of a small, largely agricultural town, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards into coffee plantations and smaller farming communities. The region’s economy is heavily reliant on coffee cultivation, alongside some livestock farming and limited artisanal activities. This agricultural activity, while contributing to the local economy, can also be a source of localized air pollution, particularly during harvesting and processing periods. The proximity to the Andean mountain range creates a topographical barrier, potentially trapping pollutants and influencing wind patterns. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Mistrató’s location within the Coffee Region means it is connected to regional transportation routes, which can contribute to vehicular emissions. The valley setting, combined with the surrounding hills, can lead to temperature inversions, especially during certain times of the year, exacerbating air quality challenges by preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. The Río Quindío also plays a role in humidity levels, which can affect the behaviour of particulate matter in the air.

Mistrató’s tropical climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly influences its air quality patterns. The dry season, typically spanning December to February, often sees a reduction in rainfall, leading to lower humidity and increased solar radiation. While this might seem beneficial, the lack of rainfall means fewer opportunities for natural cleansing of the atmosphere, and stagnant air conditions can prevail, particularly when temperature inversions occur. These inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants close to the ground, potentially increasing exposure. Conversely, the wet season (March to November) brings frequent rainfall, which effectively washes away particulate matter and helps to disperse pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to soil erosion and the suspension of dust particles, temporarily degrading air quality. The months of January and February, coinciding with the peak of the dry season and coffee harvesting, are often periods when localized air pollution from agricultural activities is most noticeable. During these months, sensitive individuals, such as children and the elderly, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure, especially during early morning hours when inversions are most likely. The rainy months, while generally improving air quality, can still experience periods of fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Throughout the year, maintaining good ventilation in homes and avoiding activities that generate dust or smoke are crucial for protecting respiratory health. Agricultural practices should prioritize minimizing emissions during the dry season to mitigate potential impacts.