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San Andrés, a vibrant island municipality within the Colombian Caribbean, presents a unique geographic context for air quality. Located at 12.5847°N, -81.7006°W, the island is a coral formation, relatively flat with an average elevation of only 20 meters above sea level. This low-lying terrain makes it particularly vulnerable to the effects of sea breezes and prevailing winds. The island’s urban core is densely populated, contrasting sharply with the more rural, sparsely inhabited southern regions. Surrounding San Andrés is the vast Caribbean Sea, a dominant influence on the local climate and air circulation. Unlike mainland Colombian cities, San Andrés lacks significant industrial belts; however, tourism is the primary economic driver, leading to increased vehicular traffic and construction activity concentrated around the town centre and coastal areas. Agricultural activity is limited, primarily consisting of small-scale farming. The constant trade winds, originating from the northeast, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, but can also transport Saharan dust plumes across the Caribbean, impacting air quality. The island’s position within a major shipping lane also contributes to maritime emissions. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the town centre due to concentrated human activity.

San Andrés experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern rather than traditional seasons, with two wet seasons and two drier periods. Air quality is generally better during the drier months of February to April and August to November, benefiting from consistent trade winds that effectively disperse pollutants. However, even during these periods, Saharan dust events can significantly degrade air quality, causing respiratory irritation. The wet seasons, from May to June and September to December, often see increased humidity and stagnant air, potentially trapping pollutants closer to the ground. While rainfall helps to wash away particulate matter, it can also exacerbate mold growth, impacting indoor air quality. November and December, coinciding with peak tourist season, witness a surge in vehicular emissions and construction, potentially leading to localised pollution hotspots. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during these peak periods. Fog, though infrequent, can occur, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; periods of calm winds correlate with poorer air quality. Outdoor activity is generally most favourable during the drier months, but awareness of potential dust events is always recommended.