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Guaranda, nestled within the Sucre state of Colombia, occupies a geographically significant position in the Andean foothills. Located at approximately 8.4667° latitude and -75.5333° longitude, and with a modest population of 17,422, the city’s elevation of around 2,100 meters (6,889 feet) above sea level profoundly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Andean region, transitioning into more rugged terrain further afield. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, Guaranda benefits from several smaller streams and springs fed by the higher elevations, contributing to localized humidity. The urban fabric of Guaranda is relatively compact, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. The immediate periphery is dominated by small-scale agricultural plots, primarily focused on coffee and plantain cultivation, which can contribute to particulate matter during harvest seasons. Further out, the landscape shifts to pastureland and cloud forest. Guaranda’s location within a valley can exacerbate air quality issues, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. The valley’s topography tends to trap pollutants, preventing their dispersion. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within the immediate vicinity mitigates some pollution risks, but vehicular traffic and agricultural practices remain key factors influencing local air quality. The regional position, relatively isolated within the Sucre state, means that long-range transport of pollutants is less of a concern compared to larger metropolitan areas.

Guaranda’s tropical highland climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from December to March, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and agricultural burning, a common practice for land preparation, releases significant amounts of smoke and ash into the air. Temperature inversions are more frequent during these cooler, drier months, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially in the valley setting. The wet season, from April to November, brings increased rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, periods of heavy fog, common during the wet season, can also trap moisture and particulate matter, creating localized pockets of reduced visibility and potentially impacting respiratory health. Wind patterns are generally light and variable, which can hinder pollutant dispersion. During the transition months (March/April and October/November), air quality can be unpredictable, fluctuating between periods of relatively clean air and episodes of elevated particulate matter due to agricultural activities or lingering effects of temperature inversions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during agricultural burning periods. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing masks can help mitigate exposure. The wet season generally offers more favourable conditions for outdoor activities, but vigilance regarding fog is advised.