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Majagual, a municipality in the Sucre Department of Colombia, occupies a geographically strategic, yet potentially vulnerable, position. Located at coordinates 8.5000, -74.6667, the city sits within the Caribbean coastal region, relatively close to the Gulf of Morrosquillo. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the lower lands of the Sinú-San Jacinto basin, with a low elevation contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion. Surrounding Majagual is a landscape dominated by tropical dry forests and agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to cattle ranching and, increasingly, palm oil cultivation. This agricultural activity, while economically important, introduces potential sources of particulate matter through land clearing and biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Majagual itself is a comparatively small urban centre surrounded by extensive rural areas. Its proximity to the coast means it’s susceptible to marine influences, including salt spray and humidity, which can affect pollutant behaviour. The lack of significant industrial belts within the immediate vicinity suggests that the primary air quality concerns are likely linked to agricultural practices, vehicle emissions within the town, and regional dust transport. The flat topography hinders natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating localised pollution events.

Majagual experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, defining its ‘seasons’ rather than traditional four-season cycles. The drier period, typically from December to April, sees increased agricultural burning for land preparation, leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations. Lower humidity during these months also means dust remains airborne for longer. February and March are often the months with the poorest air quality. Conversely, the wetter seasons – May to July and September to November – bring increased rainfall, effectively scavenging pollutants from the atmosphere and improving air quality. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. August generally offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. Temperature inversions, common during the calmer nights of the drier season, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening conditions. Wind patterns, predominantly from the northeast during the dry season and shifting to the southwest during the wet season, influence pollutant dispersal. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the drier months and be mindful of potential mould exposure during the wetter periods. Monitoring local weather reports is crucial for informed decision-making.