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Tolú Viejo, nestled on Colombia’s Caribbean coast within the Sucre Department, occupies a geographically significant position. Located at approximately 9.45° N, 75.45° W, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the coastal plains of the Magdalena River Delta. Its elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 10 meters above sea level, contributing to a low dispersion potential for atmospheric pollutants. The city sits directly on the edge of the Caribbean Sea, a defining feature influencing local weather patterns and, crucially, the potential for saltwater intrusion and coastal fog events which can trap pollutants. Surrounding Tolú Viejo is a mosaic of landscapes: to the west, expansive mangrove forests provide vital coastal protection but also act as potential sinks for pollutants; inland, the terrain gradually rises, transitioning into agricultural lands primarily dedicated to coconut and banana cultivation, with associated fertilizer and pesticide use impacting air quality. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the town’s influence extending outwards through agricultural activity and small-scale fishing communities. While Tolú Viejo itself lacks major heavy industry, its proximity to larger industrial zones further north along the coast means it can be affected by transboundary pollution. The prevailing easterly trade winds, though generally beneficial for dispersion, can occasionally stall, leading to stagnant air conditions, particularly during certain times of the year. The flat topography and coastal location combine to create a unique microclimate susceptible to localized air quality challenges.

Tolú Viejo’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The wet season, typically spanning from April to November, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. While rain naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The dry season, from December to March, often sees a reduction in rainfall and a rise in temperatures. This can lead to a build-up of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The lack of rainfall means fewer opportunities for atmospheric cleansing. Furthermore, the warmer temperatures promote the formation of photochemical smog, especially when combined with emissions from vehicles and agricultural activities. Coastal fog, common during the transition months (March/April and October/November), traps pollutants close to the ground, creating localized air quality hotspots. Wind patterns are crucial; while the prevailing easterly trade winds generally disperse pollutants, periods of calm or wind shifts can lead to stagnation. During the dry season, particularly February and March, outdoor activities should be carefully planned, with sensitive groups (children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions) taking extra precautions. The wet season, while generally offering improved air quality, can still present challenges due to increased humidity and potential mold growth. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification is advisable year-round.