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Nova Gradiška, nestled in the Brodsko-Posavska Županija of Croatia, occupies a strategic, yet potentially vulnerable, position within the Posavina region. The city is situated on the Sava River’s left bank, at an elevation of approximately 92 meters, influencing local meteorological conditions and air dispersal. The surrounding landscape is predominantly flat agricultural land, characteristic of the Pannonian Basin, interspersed with patches of riparian forest along the river. This agricultural dominance, while vital to the regional economy, contributes to potential air quality concerns through seasonal burning of agricultural waste and ammonia emissions from livestock farming. To the north and east, the terrain gradually rises, creating a subtle barrier to airflow. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Nova Gradiška acting as a regional service centre for the surrounding rural communities. Historically, the area has seen some industrial development, though less concentrated than in other parts of Croatia. The Sava River, while providing a water resource, can also contribute to humidity and potential temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The city’s location within a river valley necessitates careful consideration of air flow patterns and pollutant accumulation, particularly during stable atmospheric conditions. The proximity to larger urban centres further downstream also means potential for long-range pollutant transport.

Nova Gradiška’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from December to February, often sees the poorest air quality due to increased residential heating with wood and coal, coupled with frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants in the shallow Sava River valley. Calm, cold conditions exacerbate this, leading to higher concentrations of particulate matter. Spring, though bringing warmer temperatures, can be problematic due to agricultural burning of crop residue, releasing significant smoke and particulate matter into the air. May and June generally show improvement as rainfall increases and agricultural practices shift. Summer, from July to August, typically offers the cleanest air, benefiting from prevailing winds and higher atmospheric mixing. However, prolonged heatwaves can still lead to localised ozone formation. Autumn, particularly October and November, witnesses a return to poorer conditions as heating demand rises again and atmospheric stability increases. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and spring months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the east or northeast often carry pollutants from agricultural areas. Staying indoors on high-pollution days and using air purifiers are recommended preventative measures.