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Pula, situated on the southwestern tip of the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, occupies a unique and historically significant geographic position. The city’s urban fabric is intimately interwoven with its dramatic coastal landscape, nestled within a series of inlets and bays along the Adriatic Sea. Its coordinates (44.8703, 13.8456) place it within a Mediterranean climate zone, characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The terrain is predominantly hilly, with the city sprawling across a series of terraces rising from the coastline. This topography significantly influences local air circulation patterns; valleys can trap pollutants, while higher elevations generally experience better ventilation. Surrounding Pula is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily vineyards and olive groves, interspersed with patches of the Učka Nature Park, a forested mountain range providing a natural air filter to the east. The Istrian peninsula’s industrial belt, though not directly adjacent, is located further inland, with potential for transported pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the built environment to agricultural fields and then to the rugged landscape of Učka. The proximity to the Adriatic Sea moderates temperatures and introduces a maritime influence, but also presents the potential for sea salt aerosol impacts on air quality. The city’s harbor, a vital economic hub, contributes to localized emissions from shipping activities. The prevailing northerly winds, common during certain times of the year, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though their effectiveness is modulated by the complex terrain.

Pula’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by meteorological conditions. Summer, spanning June to August, typically sees the most stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions, particularly in the valleys. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, potentially exacerbating localized air quality issues, especially around industrial or traffic-dense areas. While sea breezes offer some relief, their impact can be limited during periods of prolonged calm. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer the most favourable air quality, with increased wind speeds and more frequent mixing of the atmosphere. The northerly winds, prevalent during these months, are particularly effective at dispersing pollutants. Winter (November-March) brings increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the air, but also introduces the possibility of fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. The agricultural practices in the surrounding areas, such as burning of crop residues (though increasingly regulated), can contribute to localized pollution episodes, particularly in the autumn. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be mindful of potential air quality impacts during summer months and avoid strenuous outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air. Increased vigilance is also advised during periods of fog in winter. While the Adriatic Sea generally provides a moderating influence, localized sources of pollution, such as vehicle emissions and port activities, remain important factors to consider throughout the year.