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Čakovec, the administrative centre of Međimurska Županija in northern Croatia, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pannonian Basin. Situated at coordinates 46.3833° N, 16.4333° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the wider Međimurje region, a fertile agricultural plain. Its elevation averages around 168 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific weather conditions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by intensive agricultural land – fields of maize, wheat, and sunflowers are commonplace – interspersed with smaller woodlands and orchards. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localised air pollution through the use of fertilizers and machinery emissions. Čakovec lies relatively distant from major industrial belts, though it benefits from good road connections to larger urban centres like Zagreb and Varaždin, which can occasionally introduce transboundary pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Čakovec is gradual; the city seamlessly blends into the agricultural landscape, with smaller villages and rural settlements immediately bordering its urban limits. The Mura River, though not directly flowing through the city, is nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of pollutants. The Pannonian Basin’s climate, with its hot summers and cold winters, also plays a role in air quality, impacting the stability of the atmosphere and the potential for pollutant accumulation.

Čakovec’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the Pannonian climate. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable increase in pollen levels, impacting those with allergies and potentially exacerbating respiratory conditions. Agricultural activities ramp up during this period, with increased machinery use and fertilizer application contributing to localised emissions. Summer (June-August) is typically the most challenging season. High temperatures and prolonged periods of sunshine can lead to photochemical smog formation, particularly when combined with stagnant air masses. The lack of significant rainfall during these months allows pollutants to accumulate. Autumn (September-November) generally sees an improvement in air quality as temperatures cool and rainfall increases, washing away particulate matter and dispersing pollutants. However, occasional temperature inversions, common in autumn evenings, can trap pollutants close to the ground. Winter (December-February) presents a mixed picture. Cold temperatures can lead to increased use of heating systems, particularly those burning wood or other biomass fuels, contributing to particulate matter pollution. Fog, frequent during winter, can also trap pollutants, leading to periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor activity during stagnant summer days and foggy winter mornings. Increased ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial during periods of elevated pollution.