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Makarska, nestled along the Dalmatian Coast of Croatia within the Splitsko-Dalmatinska Županija, presents a unique geographic setting profoundly influencing its air quality. The city is dramatically framed by the imposing Biokovo mountain range rising steeply to the north, creating a natural barrier and influencing wind patterns. This orographic lift often leads to localized weather phenomena. Makarska itself occupies a narrow coastal strip, a mere few hundred meters wide in places, between the Adriatic Sea and the mountains. The terrain is predominantly karst, characterized by limestone formations and limited soil cover. While Makarska is a significant tourist destination, it isn’t heavily industrialized. The surrounding area features a mix of Mediterranean vegetation, olive groves, and vineyards, with some agricultural activity further inland. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; transitioning quickly from the dense tourism-focused centre to sparsely populated mountainous regions. Proximity to the Adriatic provides a moderating influence on temperature, but also means susceptibility to sea breezes that can either disperse or concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric conditions. The prevailing winds are generally from the northwest, but katabatic winds descending from Biokovo can create localized stagnation. This complex topography dictates how pollutants are transported and diluted, making air quality modelling challenging.

Makarska’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by meteorological conditions and tourism levels. Spring (April-May) generally offers the cleanest air, with moderate temperatures and consistent breezes aiding pollutant dispersion. However, agricultural burning in surrounding areas can occasionally contribute to particulate matter. Summer (June-August) sees a surge in tourist activity, increasing vehicle traffic and potentially leading to localized increases in nitrogen dioxide and ozone, particularly during periods of intense sunshine and temperature inversions. The ‘juzo’ – a warm, southerly wind – can trap pollutants against the Biokovo mountains. Autumn (September-October) brings a return to more favourable conditions, with cooler temperatures and increased rainfall washing away pollutants. However, stable high-pressure systems can still cause stagnation. Winter (November-March) is typically the wettest period, with frequent rainfall effectively cleansing the air. However, temperature inversions are more common, trapping cold air and pollutants near the ground. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during summer heatwaves and winter inversions. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the north generally bring cleaner air, while southerly winds can carry pollutants from further afield. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak tourist season and periods of temperature inversion is advisable.