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Vinkovci, situated in the eastern plains of Croatia within the Vukovarsko-Srijemska Županija, occupies a geographically significant position at the crossroads of major transport routes. Its coordinates (45.2833, 18.8000) place it within the Pannonian Basin, a vast lowland characterized by fertile agricultural land and a relatively flat terrain. The city itself is gently undulating, built upon alluvial deposits from the Vuka and Bosut rivers, which meander through the surrounding landscape. This proximity to waterways, while providing valuable resources, can also contribute to localized humidity and fog formation, impacting air quality under certain conditions. Vinkovci’s urban character is distinctly Central European, with a grid-like street pattern reflecting its historical development as a Roman settlement (Vinkovia). The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of wheat, corn, and sunflowers dominating the view. This agricultural zone, while vital to the regional economy, can be a source of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when machinery and field burning practices are prevalent. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings interspersed throughout the wider area. Further west, the terrain begins to rise slightly towards the slopes of the Papuk-Sljeme mountain range, influencing prevailing wind patterns. The lack of significant elevation within the immediate vicinity of Vinkovci means that pollutants tend to accumulate rather than disperse readily, especially during periods of atmospheric stability. The absence of major industrial belts directly adjacent to the city is a mitigating factor, though transportation-related emissions remain a key consideration.

Vinkovci’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s continental climate. Spring (March-May) typically brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and early field work, can introduce localized emissions. Summer (June-August) is generally the cleanest period, with warm temperatures and frequent convective mixing promoting good ventilation. Dry conditions, however, can exacerbate dust pollution from agricultural fields. Autumn (September-November) marks a shift towards poorer air quality. Harvest season intensifies agricultural emissions, and the increased use of heating systems as temperatures drop contributes to elevated levels of particulate matter. Temperature inversions, common during clear, calm autumn nights, trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and potential respiratory irritation. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging season. Cold temperatures and frequent fog events significantly reduce atmospheric mixing, allowing pollutants to accumulate. The increased reliance on solid fuel heating in homes, particularly in older buildings, is a significant contributor to particulate pollution. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of fog and temperature inversions, especially in the mornings. Avoiding prolonged exposure near busy roads during peak traffic hours is also advisable throughout the year. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can provide additional protection.