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Artemisa, a city nestled within the Artemisa Province of Cuba, occupies a strategically important position approximately 35 kilometers north of Havana, the nation's capital. Its coordinates, 22.8136° N, 82.7633° W, place it within a gently undulating landscape characterized by rolling hills and fertile plains, a consequence of the region's karst topography. The city sits at an elevation of roughly 60 meters above sea level, influencing local wind patterns and atmospheric stability. Artemisa is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to sugar cane cultivation and livestock farming, which contributes to localized emissions. To the north, the city gradually transitions to coastal scrubland and eventually the waters of the Bahía de Guanabo, a significant bay impacting regional weather systems. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with smaller agricultural communities and rural settlements interspersed throughout the province. The proximity to Havana, a major industrial and transportation hub, means Artemisa is susceptible to the advection of pollutants from the capital, particularly during periods of light winds. The surrounding landscape, dominated by agricultural practices and interspersed with pockets of remnant forests, plays a crucial role in both absorbing and releasing atmospheric pollutants. The karst terrain also influences drainage patterns, potentially impacting the dispersion of pollutants in surface water and groundwater. The city’s layout reflects a traditional Cuban urban pattern, with a central plaza and radiating streets, impacting local microclimates and ventilation.

Artemisa’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and decreased vegetation uptake. Light winds are common during this period, leading to stagnant air masses and the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly in the mornings. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing and sugar cane preparation, intensifies during the dry season, releasing particulate matter and other emissions. The months of January and February are often the most challenging for air quality, with increased respiratory sensitivities reported. Conversely, the wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and dispersing pollutants. Stronger winds associated with tropical disturbances and occasional storms further aid in ventilation. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of mold and fungal spores, impacting indoor air quality. The increased humidity can also exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. During the transition months (April and November), fluctuating weather patterns can lead to unpredictable air quality episodes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should monitor local conditions and limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or agricultural burning. Staying indoors with air filtration can provide some relief during peak pollution times.