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Manzanillo, a port city in Granma Province, Cuba, occupies a significant coastal position on the Caribbean Sea at coordinates 20.3397, -77.1086. The city is nestled within a relatively flat coastal plain, with a gentle rise inland towards the Sierra Maestra mountains, which dominate the landscape to the south. This proximity to the mountains influences local wind patterns and can contribute to orographic lift, affecting rainfall and pollutant dispersion. Manzanillo’s urban character is defined by its role as a major trading hub, with a substantial industrial area concentrated around the port facilities. Surrounding the city are agricultural lands, primarily sugarcane and citrus groves, which contribute to seasonal biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the densely populated city centre to agricultural fields and then to forested hills. The constant sea breezes offer some natural ventilation, but can also trap pollutants during periods of calm. The bay itself, a natural harbour, influences humidity and temperature, creating a microclimate. The city’s location makes it susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storms, which can disrupt infrastructure and potentially release pollutants. The terrain’s flatness limits natural dispersion, concentrating emissions during stagnant weather conditions.

Manzanillo experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (May to October) due to increased rainfall which effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, high humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. The driest months, November to April, typically see poorer air quality. This is exacerbated by increased agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for planting, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. The trade winds, prevalent during the dry season, can transport pollutants from other parts of the island, or even from the Yucatan Peninsula, impacting local conditions. Temperature inversions, common during calm nights, can trap pollutants near ground level, particularly in the industrial areas around the port. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, especially in the mornings. Hurricane season (June-November) presents a unique challenge; while storms can temporarily clear the air, the subsequent damage and recovery efforts can release pollutants. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants often accumulate on the leeward side of the city.