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Vázquez, nestled in the province of Las Tunas, Cuba, occupies a geographically significant position within the island’s central region. Located at approximately 21.1403° latitude and -76.7297° longitude, the city sits on relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the Cuban plains. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of sugarcane and other crops defining the rural character extending outwards from Vázquez. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces a potential source of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when burning of crop residues can occur, though regulations aim to mitigate this. The city’s elevation is low, contributing to a tendency for stagnant air conditions, especially during periods of calm weather. While not directly coastal, Vázquez benefits from its proximity to the Jobabo River, which influences local humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller settlements and agricultural land seamlessly blending into the city’s periphery. The regional position within Las Tunas, a province known for its agricultural output and relatively lower industrial density compared to Havana or Santiago de Cuba, generally results in a less complex pollution profile. However, occasional transport of pollutants from larger urban centers, carried by prevailing winds, can influence Vázquez’s air quality. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants released from local sources, including vehicle emissions and small-scale industrial activities. The overall geographic setting presents a mixed picture, balancing agricultural influences with a relatively low level of industrialization.

Vázquez’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often brings clearer skies but also heightened particulate matter concentrations. Reduced rainfall means less natural cleansing of the atmosphere, and the prevailing northeast trade winds, while generally beneficial for dispersion, can sometimes weaken, leading to stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months of December and January, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the issue. The wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall, which effectively washes pollutants from the air, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also temporarily increase humidity, potentially affecting respiratory comfort for some individuals. During the harvest season (typically November-December), agricultural burning, though regulated, can contribute to short-term spikes in particulate matter. The months of January and February often present the most challenging conditions due to the combination of temperature inversions and reduced rainfall. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor activity during these periods. During the wetter months, while overall air quality is generally better, individuals with allergies may experience increased discomfort due to higher humidity and pollen levels. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is advisable year-round, particularly during periods of elevated particulate matter.