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Jovellanos, a municipality within the Matanzas Province of Cuba, occupies a significant position along the northern coast, at coordinates 22.8106° N, -81.1981° W. The city’s geography is defined by its coastal plains, gently rising inland towards undulating hills. This terrain, typical of the northern Matanzas region, influences air circulation patterns, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. The city’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, specifically the Bahia de Matanzas, introduces a constant supply of sea breezes, which can both disperse and transport pollutants. Jovellanos is situated within a region characterized by a blend of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane and citrus – and some light industrial activity related to processing these agricultural products. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas immediately surrounding the city, transitioning to more sparsely populated rural landscapes further inland. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field burning and fertilizer application. The relatively low elevation of Jovellanos, combined with its coastal location, makes it susceptible to humidity and the effects of marine aerosols, impacting local air quality composition. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution challenges in Jovellanos.

Jovellanos experiences a tropical climate, characterized by a distinct wet and dry season rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Jovellanos generally improves during the wet season (May to October) due to increased rainfall which effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, high humidity can also contribute to the formation of mold and other biological pollutants. The dry season (November to April) typically sees a decline in air quality. This is exacerbated by increased dust from agricultural activities, particularly sugarcane harvesting, and potential for temperature inversions which trap pollutants near ground level. January and February are often the driest months, and therefore, potentially the most polluted. Wind patterns play a crucial role; the prevailing trade winds generally blow from the east, potentially carrying pollutants from other industrial areas along the northern coast. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly on calm, sunny days. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors when air feels stagnant is advisable. The increased use of biomass for cooking during the dry season can also contribute to indoor air pollution, necessitating good ventilation.