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Güines, located in the Mayabeque province of Cuba, occupies a strategically important position within the island nation’s industrial heartland. Situated at approximately 22.8475° N, 82.0236° W, the city lies on the southern edge of the Havana-Matanzas plain, a low-lying coastal region characterized by relatively flat terrain. Its elevation averages around 20 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to coastal breezes. The surrounding landscape is a mix of sugarcane fields, a dominant agricultural feature of the region, and gradually transitioning into more undulating terrain as one moves inland towards the Sierra del Escambray mountain range. The proximity to the Golfo de Batabanó, a significant bay, influences local weather patterns and can trap pollutants under certain conditions. Güines’s location within a major industrial corridor, historically centered around sugar processing and now including petroleum refining, is a primary driver of air quality concerns. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is densely populated, while the immediate periphery is dominated by agricultural land and smaller settlements. This juxtaposition means agricultural burning practices, common during the sugarcane harvest, can significantly impact Güines’s air quality. The city’s position within a humid subtropical climate zone, with high temperatures and humidity year-round, further complicates pollutant dispersion, often leading to stagnant air masses and increased ground-level ozone formation. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, exacerbating the effects of industrial emissions and agricultural activities.

Güines experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning November to April, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and decreased wind speeds. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap emissions close to the ground, intensifying localized pollution. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for clearing sugarcane fields, reaches its peak during the dry season, releasing significant quantities of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. The months of January and February are particularly challenging, with frequent fog and stagnant air conditions. Conversely, the wet season (May to October) brings increased rainfall and stronger winds, which naturally cleanse the atmosphere, dispersing pollutants and reducing overall air quality concerns. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. During the wet season, the increased prevalence of thunderstorms can temporarily improve air quality by flushing out pollutants, but the subsequent humidity can create conditions favorable for mold growth. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, especially in the mornings. During the wet season, while overall air quality is generally better, vigilance regarding humidity-related health concerns is advised. The interplay of these seasonal factors dictates a fluctuating air quality landscape in Güines, demanding adaptive health strategies.