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Yaguajay, nestled in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, occupies a strategically important position within the island’s central region. Located at approximately 22.33°N, 79.24°W, the city sits on relatively flat terrain, part of the broader Sancti Spíritus plain, a landscape shaped by the confluence of several rivers, most notably the Yaguajay River itself, which bisects the municipality. This fluvial influence contributes to the area’s fertile agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to sugarcane cultivation – a dominant feature of the surrounding landscape. The urban fabric of Yaguajay is characterized by a compact, traditional layout, reflecting its historical development as a vital agricultural processing center. The city’s elevation is low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, minimizing natural air dispersion and potentially exacerbating localized pollution events. The urban–rural gradient transitions quickly from the built-up area into extensive sugarcane fields and smaller agricultural plots. To the north, the landscape gradually rises towards the Escambray Mountains, providing a degree of topographic shielding, though their influence on Yaguajay’s air quality is limited due to the distance. The proximity to the coast, approximately 30 kilometers to the north, introduces a maritime influence, with sea breezes playing a role in ventilation patterns. While Yaguajay lacks large-scale industrial zones within its immediate vicinity, it serves as a regional hub for agricultural processing, with sugar mills and related facilities contributing to localized emissions. The surrounding agricultural belt, while vital to the Cuban economy, also introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field burning practices, a seasonal consideration.

Yaguajay’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, is characterized by lower humidity and increased sunshine hours. However, this period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations, primarily due to agricultural practices. Sugarcane harvesting, which intensifies during these months, can involve controlled burning of fields, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate pollution into the atmosphere. The lack of consistent rainfall during the dry season allows these pollutants to linger, particularly when wind speeds are low. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occasionally trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. The wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate concentrations. Monsoon-like patterns, with periods of intense rainfall, effectively flush out pollutants. Fog, while not a dominant feature, can occasionally form, particularly in the early morning, trapping moisture and potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, especially from June to September. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of sugarcane burning. Minimizing exposure to smoke and seeking shelter indoors when air quality is visibly affected are recommended preventative measures. The intensity of agricultural burning is often regulated, but enforcement can be challenging, leading to unpredictable spikes in pollution.