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Encrucijada, nestled in the heart of Villa Clara province, Cuba, occupies a geographically significant position within the island’s central plain. Located at 22.6180°N, -79.8660°W, the city sits at a relatively low elevation, approximately 35 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is predominantly flat to gently rolling agricultural land, dominated by sugarcane and citrus cultivation. This intensive agriculture, while vital to the regional economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field preparation, harvesting, and the use of agricultural chemicals. The city’s urban character is typical of a Cuban provincial capital – a grid pattern radiating from a central plaza, with a mix of colonial-era architecture and more modern construction. Encrucijada’s position along key transportation routes, including highways connecting Havana and other major cities, means it experiences significant vehicular traffic. The proximity to the northern coast, roughly 30km distant, introduces the influence of maritime air masses, but also potential for salt spray and humidity. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands immediately bordering the city limits. Industrial activity is limited within Encrucijada itself, but regional sugar mills and processing facilities contribute to background pollution levels, particularly during the harvest season. This combination of factors creates a unique air quality profile.

Encrucijada experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly influencing air quality. The dry season, spanning November to April, generally presents better air quality due to reduced rainfall and less dust resuspension from agricultural activities. However, increased reliance on biomass burning for cooking and heating during cooler months can lead to localised spikes in particulate matter. February and March are typically the most favourable months for outdoor activity. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and humidity. While rainfall helps to cleanse the atmosphere, the increased moisture can also promote the formation of mould and mildew, impacting respiratory health. The peak of the hurricane season (August-October) can bring strong winds that temporarily disperse pollutants, but also the risk of damage to infrastructure releasing debris into the air. September and October often see elevated humidity and stagnant air, exacerbating pollution. During the transition months of April/May and October/November, fluctuating weather patterns can lead to unpredictable air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during periods of high humidity or visible haze, and monitor their health closely.