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Larnaca, situated on the southern coast of Cyprus in the Limassol District, occupies a distinctive geographic position that profoundly influences its air quality dynamics. The city spreads across a flat coastal plain at approximately sea level, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Troodos Mountains to the north and west. This terrain creates a natural amphitheatre effect, where pollutants from urban activities can become trapped under certain meteorological conditions. Larnaca's urban character blends historic architecture with modern development, featuring a bustling port, an international airport adjacent to the city, and expanding residential and commercial zones. The city's location places it within Cyprus's primary agricultural belt to the north, where occasional agricultural burning contributes to particulate matter, while the coastal setting moderates temperatures but also exposes the area to Saharan dust events transported across the Mediterranean. Proximity to the sea typically aids in dispersing pollutants through sea breezes, but during calm periods, emissions from vehicle exhaust, construction projects, and airport operations accumulate, exacerbated by road dust on the city's extensive network. The urban–rural gradient shows decreasing pollution levels moving inland toward less populated areas, though the compact urban core experiences higher concentrations due to traffic congestion and limited green spaces.

Larnaca's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its humid subtropical climate and local emission sources. In winter, from November through January, pollution peaks due to increased vehicle use, heating emissions, and frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, compounded by Saharan dust events that elevate particulate levels. Sensitive groups, such as those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activities during these months, especially on calm, foggy days. Spring brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and sea breezes strengthen, dispersing pollutants, though occasional dust storms from Africa can cause short-term spikes. Summer offers the cleanest air, with consistent northerly winds and low humidity aiding dispersion, making it ideal for outdoor recreation; however, tourism traffic and construction dust may cause localized issues. Autumn sees a return to deteriorating conditions as weather stabilizes and emissions accumulate, with October often marking the transition toward winter peaks. Throughout the year, monitoring local advisories for dust events is crucial, and planning activities for early mornings or coastal areas can mitigate exposure during high-pollution periods.